Numbers 35:12
New International Version
They will be places of refuge from the avenger, so that anyone accused of murder may not die before they stand trial before the assembly.

New Living Translation
These cities will be places of protection from a dead person’s relatives who want to avenge the death. The slayer must not be put to death before being tried by the community.

English Standard Version
The cities shall be for you a refuge from the avenger, that the manslayer may not die until he stands before the congregation for judgment.

Berean Standard Bible
You are to have these cities as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands trial before the assembly.

King James Bible
And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in judgment.

New King James Version
They shall be cities of refuge for you from the avenger, that the manslayer may not die until he stands before the congregation in judgment.

New American Standard Bible
The cities shall serve you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the one who commits manslaughter does not die until he stands before the congregation for trial.

NASB 1995
‘The cities shall be to you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands before the congregation for trial.

NASB 1977
‘And the cities shall be to you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer may not die until he stands before the congregation for trial.

Legacy Standard Bible
And the cities shall be for you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands before the congregation for judgment.

Amplified Bible
The cities shall be to you as a refuge from the avenger, so that the one who has caused the death of another will not be killed until he has had a [fair] trial before the congregation.

Christian Standard Bible
You will have the cities as a refuge from the avenger, so that the one who kills someone will not die until he stands trial before the assembly.

Holman Christian Standard Bible
You will have the cities as a refuge from the avenger, so that the one who kills someone will not die until he stands trial before the assembly.

American Standard Version
And the cities shall be unto you for refuge from the avenger, that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation for judgment.

Aramaic Bible in Plain English
And these cities shall be yours for a house of refuge from one seeking the vengeance of blood, and a killer will not be killed until standing in front of the assembly in judgment.

Brenton Septuagint Translation
And the cities shall be to you places of refuge from the avenger of blood, and the slayer shall not die until he stands before the congregation for judgment.

Contemporary English Version
If the victim's relatives think it was murder, they might try to take revenge. Anyone accused of murder can run to one of these Safe Towns for protection and not be killed before a trial is held.

Douay-Rheims Bible
And when the fugitive shall be in them, the kinsman of him that is slain may not have power to kill him, until he stand before the multitude, and his cause be judged.

English Revised Version
And the cities shall be unto you for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation for judgment.

GOD'S WORD® Translation
These cities will be places of refuge from any relative who can avenge the death. So anyone accused of murder will not have to die until he has had a trial in front of the community.

Good News Translation
There you will be safe from the dead person's relative who seeks revenge. No one accused of manslaughter is to be put to death without a public trial.

International Standard Version
They are to serve as cities of refuge from a blood avenger in order to keep the inadvertent killer from dying until he has stood trial in the presence of the community.

JPS Tanakh 1917
And the cities shall be unto you for refuge from the avenger, that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation for judgment.

Literal Standard Version
and the cities have been for a refuge to you from the redeemer, and the manslayer does not die until his standing before the congregation for judgment.

Majority Standard Bible
You are to have these cities as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands trial before the assembly.

New American Bible
These cities will serve you as places of asylum from the avenger of blood, so that a homicide will not be put to death until tried before the community.

NET Bible
And they must stand as your towns of refuge from the avenger in order that the killer may not die until he has stood trial before the community.

New Revised Standard Version
The cities shall be for you a refuge from the avenger, so that the slayer may not die until there is a trial before the congregation.

New Heart English Bible
The cities shall be to you for refuge from the avenger, that the manslayer not die, until he stands before the congregation for judgment.

Webster's Bible Translation
And they shall be to you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the man-slayer may not die, until he stands before the congregation in judgment.

World English Bible
The cities shall be for your refuge from the avenger, that the man slayer not die until he stands before the congregation for judgment.

Young's Literal Translation
and the cities have been to you for a refuge from the redeemer, and the man-slayer doth not die till his standing before the company for judgment.

Additional Translations ...
Audio Bible



Context
Six Cities of Refuge
11designate cities to serve as your cities of refuge, so that a person who kills someone unintentionally may flee there. 12You are to have these cities as a refuge from the avenger, so that the manslayer will not die until he stands trial before the assembly. 13The cities you select will be your six cities of refuge.…

Cross References
Numbers 35:13
The cities you select will be your six cities of refuge.

Deuteronomy 19:4
Now this is the situation regarding the manslayer who flees to one of these cities to save his life, having killed his neighbor accidentally, without intending to harm him:

Joshua 20:2
"Tell the Israelites to designate the cities of refuge, as I instructed you through Moses,

Joshua 20:3
so that anyone who kills another unintentionally or accidentally may flee there. These will be your refuge from the avenger of blood.

Joshua 20:5
Now if the avenger of blood pursues him, they must not surrender the manslayer into his hand, because that man killed his neighbor accidentally without prior malice.

Joshua 20:6
He is to stay in that city until he stands trial before the assembly and until the death of the high priest serving at that time. Then the manslayer may return to his own home in the city from which he fled."


Treasury of Scripture

And they shall be to you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in judgment.

from the avenger

Numbers 35:19,25-27
The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him…

Deuteronomy 19:6
Lest the avenger of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him; whereas he was not worthy of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past.

Joshua 20:3-6,9
That the slayer that killeth any person unawares and unwittingly may flee thither: and they shall be your refuge from the avenger of blood…

until he stand

Numbers 35:24
Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:

Deuteronomy 19:11,12
But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities: …

Joshua 20:4-6
And when he that doth flee unto one of those cities shall stand at the entering of the gate of the city, and shall declare his cause in the ears of the elders of that city, they shall take him into the city unto them, and give him a place, that he may dwell among them…

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Accused Assembly Avenger Cities Company Congregation Death Die Judged Judgment Life Manslayer Man-Slayer Meeting Murder Overtake Places Punishment Refuge Right Safe Stand Standing Stands Taker Towns Trial
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Accused Assembly Avenger Cities Company Congregation Death Die Judged Judgment Life Manslayer Man-Slayer Meeting Murder Overtake Places Punishment Refuge Right Safe Stand Standing Stands Taker Towns Trial
Numbers 35
1. Forty-eight cities for the Levites, with their suburbs, and measure thereof
6. Six of them are to be cities of refuge
9. The laws of murder and manslaughter
31. No satisfaction for murder














(12) And they shall be unto you cities for refuge . . . --Better, And the cities shall be unto you for refuge (or, as a place of refuge) from the avenger, that the manslayer may not die until he stand before the congregation for judgment. The avenger (Heb., goel) was the near kinsman whose office it was to redeem the person or inheritance of his kinsman, if that kinsman was reduced by poverty to sell himself into slavery, or to sell his inheritance; and also to avenge his blood in the event of his being slain. (See Leviticus 25:25-55, and Notes.) The law of the goel, as contained in this chapter, served to keep in check the excited passions of the near relations of the man who had been slain, and to secure for him a fair and impartial trial. The duties which devolved upon the congregation are stated in Numbers 35:24-25. Christ, as our "Redeemer" (Heb., goel), ever lives (Job 19:25). He has redeemed the persons and the inheritance of His people by His death; and He will in the last great day, ransom them from the power of the grave, and redeem them from death (Hosea 13:4, where the cognate verb to goel occurs), and will avenge their blood on them that dwell on the earth (Revelation 6:10).

Verse 12. - From the avenger. Hebrew, גֹאֵל. Septuagint, ὁ ἀγχιστεύων τὸ αῖμα. In all other passages (twelve in number) where the word occurs in this sense it is qualified by the addition "of blood." Standing by itself, it is everywhere else translated "kinsman," or (more properly) "redeemer," and is constantly applied in that sense to God our Saviour (Job 19:25; Isaiah 63:16 etc.). The two ideas, however, which seem to us so distinct, and even so opposed, are in their origin one. To the men of the primitive age, when public justice was not, and when might was right, the only protector was one who could and would avenge them of their wrongs, and by avenging prevent their repetition. This champion of the injured individual, or rather family, - for rights and wrongs were thought of as belonging to families rather than to individuals, was their goel, who had their peace, their safety, above all, their honour, in his charge. For no sentiments spring up quicker, and none exercise a more tyrannous sway, than the sentiment of honour, which in its various and often strangely distorted forms has always perhaps outweighed all other considerations in the minds of men. Now the earliest form in which the sentiment of honour asserted itself was in the blood-feud. If one member of a family was slain, an intolerable shame and sense of contumely rested upon the family until blood had been avenged by blood, until "satisfaction" had been done by the death of the manslayer. He who freed the family from this intolerable pain and humiliation - who enabled it to hold up its head, and to breathe freely once more - was the goel; and in the natural order of things he was the nearest "kinsman" of the slain who could and would take the duty upon him. To these natural feelings was added in many cases a religious sentiment which regarded homicide as a sin against the higher Powers for which they too demanded the blood of the guilty. Such was the feeling among the Greeks, and probably among the Egyptians, while among the Hebrews it could plead Divine sanction, given in the most comprehensive terms: "Your blood of your lives will I require, at the hand of every beast will I require it; and at the hand of man;... whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed" (Genesis 9:5, 6). The moral difficulties of this proclamation need not here be considered; it is enough to take note that the Divine law itself recognized the duty as well as the lawfulness of private blood-revenge when public justice could not be depended on. The goel, therefore, was not merely the natural champion of his family, nor only the deliverer who satisfied the imperious demands of an artificial code of honour; he was a minister of God, in whose patient efforts to hunt down his victim the thirst for vengeance was to some extent at least superseded by, or rather transmuted into, the longing to glorify God (compare the difficult case of Revelation 6:10). It was not merely human feelings of great reach and tenacity which were outraged by the immunity of the manslayer; it was still more the justice of God which received a grievous wound. Just because, however, God had made the cause of the slain man his own, and had sanctioned the avenging mission of the goel, he could therefore regulate the course of vengeance so as to make it run as even as possible with true justice. It was not indeed possible to distinguish ab initio between the homicide which deserved and that which did not deserve capital punishment. Such distinction, difficult under any circumstances, was impossible when vengeance was in private hands. But while the goel could not be restrained from immediate pursuit unhindered by investigation or compunction (lest his whole usefulness be paralyzed), the manslayer might have opportunity to escape, and to be sheltered under the Divine mercy until he could establish (if that were possible) his innocence. No better instance can be found of the way in which the King of Israel adopted the sentiments and institutions of a semi-barbarous age, added to them the sanctions of religion, and so modified them as to secure the maximum of practical good consistent with the social state and moral feelings of the people. No doubt many an individual was overtaken and slain by the goel who did. not deserve to die according to our ideas; but where perfection was unattainable, this error was far less dangerous to that age than the opposite error of diminishing the sanctity of human life and the awfulness of Divine justice. The congregation. Hebrew, עֵדָה. This word is used frequently from Exodus 12:3 to the end of this chapter, and again in Joshua and the last two chapters of Judges. It is not found in Deuteronomy, nor often in the later books. In every case apparently eydah signifies the whole nation as gathered together, e.g., as represented by all who had an acknowledged right to appear, for of course 600,000 men could not gather together in any one place. The force of the word may be understood by reference to its use in Judges 20:1; Judges 21:10, 13, 16. Another word (קָהָל) is also used, less frequently in Leviticus and Numbers, but more frequently in the later books, for the general assembly of the people of Israel. No distinction of meaning can be drawn between the two words, and it cannot, therefore, be maintained that the "congregation" of this verse means the local elders of Joshua 20:4. The regulations there laid down are not inconsistent with the present law, but are quite independent of it. They refer to a preliminary hearing of the case as stated by the fugitive alone in order to determine his right to shelter in the mean time; which right, if accorded, was without prejudice to the future judgment of the "congregation" on the whole facts of the case (see below on verse 25).

Parallel Commentaries ...


Hebrew
You are to have
וְהָי֨וּ (wə·hā·yū)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural
Strong's 1961: To fall out, come to pass, become, be

these cities
הֶעָרִ֛ים (he·‘ā·rîm)
Article | Noun - feminine plural
Strong's 5892: Excitement

as a refuge
לְמִקְלָ֖ט (lə·miq·lāṭ)
Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 4733: Refuge, asylum

from the avenger,
מִגֹּאֵ֑ל (mig·gō·’êl)
Preposition-m | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular
Strong's 1350: To redeem, act as kinsman

so that the manslayer
הָרֹצֵ֔חַ (hā·rō·ṣê·aḥ)
Article | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular
Strong's 7523: To dash in pieces, kill, to murder

will not
וְלֹ֤א (wə·lō)
Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle
Strong's 3808: Not, no

die
יָמוּת֙ (yā·mūṯ)
Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 4191: To die, to kill

until
עַד־ (‘aḏ-)
Preposition
Strong's 5704: As far as, even to, up to, until, while

he stands
עָמְד֛וֹ (‘ā·mə·ḏōw)
Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct | third person masculine singular
Strong's 5975: To stand, in various relations

trial
לַמִּשְׁפָּֽט׃ (lam·miš·pāṭ)
Preposition-l, Article | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 4941: A verdict, a sentence, formal decree, divine law, penalty, justice, privilege, style

before
לִפְנֵ֥י (lip̄·nê)
Preposition-l | Noun - common plural construct
Strong's 6440: The face

the assembly.
הָעֵדָ֖ה (hā·‘ê·ḏāh)
Article | Noun - feminine singular
Strong's 5712: A stated assemblage


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OT Law: Numbers 35:12 The cities shall be to you (Nu Num.)
Numbers 35:11
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